“Tannhäuser”

Characters

Hermann (Landgrave of Thuringia) — Bass Tannhäuser (a minstrel knight) — Tenor Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minstrel knight) — Baritone Walther von der Vogelweide (a minstrel knight) — Tenor Biterolf (a minstrel knight) — Bass Heinrich the Scribe (a minstrel knight) — Tenor Reinmar von Zweter (a minstrel knight) — Bass Elisabeth (the Landgrave’s niece) — Soprano Venus (goddess of love) — Soprano A Young Shepherd — Soprano Four Pages — Soprano and Alto Thuringian knights, counts and noblemen, noblewomen, older and younger pilgrims, sirens, naiads, nymphs, bacchantes

Time and Place

Time: At the beginning of the thirteenth century Act One: The interior of the Hörselberg near Eisenach; a valley before the Wartburg Act Two: On the Wartburg Act Three: A valley before the Wartburg

OVERTURE

ACT ONE

Scene One

CHOIR OF SIRENS (unseen) Draw near the strand! Approach the land, where blissful warmth, in the arms of glowing love, will content your desires! (The rosy mist gathers again, obliterating the picture, and the Graces interpret in a graceful dance the mystic meaning of the picture as a work of love. Once more the mist dissolves. In the soft half-light of the moon, Leda is seen reclining on the banks of a woodland lake. The swan swims up to her and fawningly lays his head upon her bosom) CHOIR OF SIRENS Draw near the strand! Approach the land! (This picture also gradually fades away. At last the mist wholly disappears, showing the entire grotto deserted and still. The Graces mischievously make obeisance to Venus and slowly move off the grotto of love. Deepest quiet. Venus and Tannhäuser maintain their attitudes unchanged)

Scene Two

(Tannhäuser lifts up his head suddenly, as if starting from a dream. - Venus draws him back again caressingly)   (Tannhäuser raises his hand over his eyes as if trying to capture a dream image.) VENUS (very quiet) Tell me, beloved, of what are you thinking? TANNHÄUSER (quickly) Too much! Too much! (more slowly and softly) Oh, that I now might awake!

VENUS (calm and soothing) Tell me what ails you. TANNHÄUSER In dreams, it was as if I heard - a sound long stranger to my ears - as if I heard the joyful peal of bells! Oh, tell me! How long is it since I heard them? VENUS (as before) What is it holds you in thrall? Where are you straying? (She gently guides her hand over his forehead.) TANNHÄUSER (melancholically) The time I have sojourned here I cannot measure. Days, moons - mean nothing to me any more, for I no longer see the sun, nor the friendly stars of heaven; I see no more the blades of grass, which, turning freshly green, bring the new summer in; the nightingale that foretells me the spring, I hear no more. Shall I never hear it, never behold it more?

VENUS (with calm astonishment) Ha! What do I hear? What foolish complaining? Are you so soon wearied of the sweet wonder my love devises for you? Or what? Can you so greatly regret being a god? Have you so soon forgot how once you suffered, whilst now you delight in pleasure here? (She rises) Come, my Singer, (She takes the harp and holds it up to him) up and grasp your lyre! Celebrate love, which you extol so marvellously in song, that you won the goddess of love herself for yours! Celebrate love, for its highest prize has become yours!

TANNHÄUSER (Summoning himself to a sudden resolve, he seizes his harp and solemnly places himself before Venus.) Let your praises ring out! Let the marvel your might created for me, fortunate as I am, be extolled! May the sweet delight, sprung from your favour, raise my song up in a loud cry of jubilation! My heart yearned, oh my senses thirsted after pleasure, after delicious gratification: that which once you rendered to gods alone you graciously bestowed upon me, a mortal. But mortal, oh, I have remained and your loving is too huge for me. Though a god may incessantly savour enjoyment, I am subject to change: not pleasure alone lies close to my heart - in the midst of joy I crave after pain. From your kingdom I must fly - O queen, goddess, let me go! VENUS (as though awakening from a dream) What's this I must harken to? What kind of singing is that? Into what doleful strain has your song lapsed? Whither has that inspiration flown, which once prompted songs of delight alone from you? What is it? Wherein has my love proved wanting? Beloved, with what do you reproach me?

TANNHÄUSER Thanks be to your favour! May your loving be extolled! Fortunate forever the man who has tarried with you! Forever envied he who, with ardent passion, has shared the godlike glow in your embrace! Entrancing are the marvels of your kingdom, I breathe the magic of all pleasure here; no country on the broad earth offers the like, what they possess you can easily spare. But amid these rosy perfumes I long for the woodland breezes, for the clear blue of our skies, for the fresh green of our meadows, for the sweet song of our little birds, for the dear sound of our bells. From your kingdom I must fly - O queen, goddess, let me go! VENUS (springing up from her couch) Faithless man! Alas! What is that you say? You dare scorn my love? You praise it, yet would fly from it? Are you surfeited with my charms? TANNHÄUSER Oh lovely goddess, do not be angry with me! VENUS Are you surfeited with my charms? TANNHÄUSER Your overwhelming charm it is I flee from. VENUS Woe to you, traitor! Hypocrite! Ungrateful man! I will not let you go! You may not go from me! TANNHÄUSER Never was my love greater, never truer, than now, when I must fly from you for ever! (Venus turns away with a cry, hiding her face in her hands. — A long silence.) (Then she gradually seeks Tannhäuser’s gaze again, suddenly turning toward him with a seductive smile.) (At her gesture, a magical grotto appears, to which she points.)

VENUS (beginning in a soft voice) Come, beloved, see yonder grotto, filled with rosy fragrance gently wafting! That abode of sweetest delight would offer enchantment even to a god. Lulled on the downiest of cushions let every hurt fly from your limbs, let coolness fan your burning brow, blissful ardour swell your heart. (As she gently tries to draw him toward her.) Come, sweet love, come, follow me! Come! CHOIR OF SIRENS (unseen) Draw near the strand! VENUS From the pleasant distance, sweet sounds bid my arm enfold you in closest embrace: from my lips, my gaze, you sip nectar divine, the reward of love sparkles for you: a feast of delight shall arise from our union. Let us joyfully celebrate the festival of love! You must not dedicate a timid offering to it - revel in union with the goddess of love! Say, sweet friend, tell me, my beloved - would you fly?

TANNHÄUSER (Carried away to the utmost, again seizing the harp.) For you alone my song shall ever ring out! Your praise alone be loudly sung by me! Your lovely fascination is the fount of all beauty, and every sweet wonder stems from you. The glow you shed in my heart blazes bright as flame for you alone! Yes, against the whole world, then, untiring, for henceforth your bold champion I will be! Yet, I must go from hence to the world of earth; if I remain with you, I can only be a slave. For freedom, then, I long, for freedom, freedom, do I thirst; for struggle and strife I will stand, though it be, too, for destruction and death: from your kingdom, therefore, I must fly - Oh queen, goddess, let me go!

VENUS (in the fiercest anger) Begone, madman, begone! Go! Traitor, see, I am not stopping you! Fly! I set you free! Begone hence! Deluded mortal, let that which you long for be your lot! Begone! Begone! Fly hence to frigid men, before whose timid, cheerless fancy we gods of delight have escaped deep into the warm womb of earth. Begone, deluded mortal, seek your salvation, seek your salvation - and find it never! Beg those for pardon now, whom once, when victorious, in exultant mood you derided and scorned; in those quarters you disdained, cry out now for favour! Let your infamy shine forth, then! Their derision, then will be your utter shame! Banished, accursed, oh, how well I see you approach me already, your head bowed down to earth: "Oh, if only you might find her again, she who once smiled upon you! Oh, that the portals of her delight might once more open for you!" On the threshold, see there - he lies now, stretched full length, there where once delight engulfed him! Imploring, he begs for pity, not for love! Back! Be off, beggar! To heroes alone, to menials never, does my kingdom open! TANNHÄUSER No! My pride will spare you the complaining; ever again to appear before you would degrade me! He who parts from you today, oh goddess, will never return to you again!

VENUS (with a cry) Ha! You will never return? What have I said? Ha! What has he said? Never to return to me! What am I to think? Now understand it? My beloved leave me for ever? (with gentle hesitation) How could I have deserved that? How incurred such censure, as would rob me of the pleasure of forgiving my dear one? To the queen of love, to the goddess of all grace, alone, should offering her friend comfort be denied? Smiling through tears, how once I listened to you, yearning to hear the proud song that has been silent around me for so long! Oh say, how could you ever suppose I might remain unmoved if, some time, your soul's sighing were to urge me, if I were to hear your cry? That in your arms supreme comfort I have found, oh, for that, do not let me suffer. Do not you one day scorn my solace! (breaking out in despair) If you do not return to me, a curse, then, upon the whole wide world, and may that from which the goddess withdraws be for ever waste! (pleading despairingly) Oh, come, come back again! Trust my favour, my love!

TANNHÄUSER He who flies from you, goddess, flies from all favour for ever! VENUS Do not resist your longing from pride, if it draw you back to me! TANNHÄUSER My longing urges me to combat; I do not seek pleasure and rapture! Oh, if you could understand it, goddess! Hence, to the death I seek! I am drawn to death! VENUS Return, when death itself flies from you, when the grave itself closes before you. TANNHÄUSER I carry death and the grave here in my heart, through repentance and atonement I will find myself repose! VENUS Repose will never be your lot, neither will you find peace! Come again to me, if, some time, you should seek your salvation! TANNHÄUSER Goddess of pleasure and delight, no! Oh, not in you shall I find peace and repose! My salvation lies in Mary! (Venus vanishes. - The scene is changed quickly)

Scene Three

SHEPHERD Dame Holda's come out of the mountain to roam through field and meadow; my ear caught a sound there so sweet, my eye longed to behold. (He plays.) There I dreamt many a sweet dream, and my eyes had scarcely opened when there the sun shone warm. May, May had come! Now I gaily play my pipe. May is here, the lovely May! (The singing of the older pilgrims is heard, approaching along the mountain path from the direction of the Wartburg. The Shepherd plays upon his pipe.) OLDER PILGRIMS To Thee do I journey, Lord Jesus Christ, for Thou art the pilgrims' hope! Praise be to thee, Virgin sweet and pure. Grant that our pilgrimage may prove propitious! (Hearing the singing, the Shepherd stops playing his pipe and listens devoutly.)

Alas, the burden of my sins weighs me down. I can endure it no longer; I will know neither sleep nor rest therefore and gladly choose toil and vexation. At the sublime feast of clemency and grace I will atone for my sins in humility; blessed is he who truly believes: he shall be saved through penitence and repentance. SHEPHERD (As the pilgrims reach the height opposite him, he calls out loudly to them, waving his cap.) God speed! God speed to Rome! Pray for my poor soul! (Tannhäuser, who had stood in the middle of the stage as though rooted to the spot, sinks to his knees, violently shaken.) TANNHÄUSER Glory be to Thee, Almighty God! Great are the marvels of Thy grace. (From this point, the procession of pilgrims turns left along the mountain path by the image of the Virgin Mary and thus leaves the stage. — The Shepherd also departs to the right from the height with his pipe — the sound of the herdsmen’s bells grows ever fainter.)

OLDER PILGRIMS To Thee do I journey, Lord Jesus Christ, for Thou art the pilgrims' hope! (on the stage — growing ever fainter) Praise be to thee, Virgin sweet and pure. Grant that our pilgrimage may prove propitious! (The pilgrims have already left the stage at this point.) TANNHÄUSER (on his knees, as though absorbed in fervent prayer) Alas, the burden of my sins weighs me down, I can endure it no longer; I will know neither sleep nor rest therefore and gladly choose toil and vexation.   (Tears choke his voice; he bows his head deeply to the ground, and from the direction of Eisenach the sound of bells is heard.) PILGRIMS (from far away) At the sublime feast of clemency and grace, I will atone for my sins in humility; (A hunting horn on the stage, in the distance.) blessed is he who truly believes. (Hunting horns are heard in the distance. As the sound of the horns gradually draws nearer, the distant ringing of the bells falls silent.) (From the hill on the left, descending along a forest path, the Landgrave and the Minstrels appear one by one in hunting attire.)

Scene Four

LANDGRAVE (catches sight of Tannhäuser) Who is that man yonder, sunk in fervent prayer? WALTHER A penitent surely. BITEROLF By his garb a knight. WOLFRAM (He hastens first toward Tannhäuser and recognizes him.) It is he! WALTHER, HEINRICH DER SCHREIBER, BITEROLF, REINMAR Henry! Henry! Do I see aright? (Tannhäuser, startled and quickly springing up, regains his composure and silently bows to the Landgrave after casting a fleeting glance at him and the singers.)

LANDGRAF Is it really you? Have you returned to the circle you forsook in haughty arrogance? BITEROLF Say, what does your return signify for us? LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS Tell us what! BITEROLF Reconciliation? Or does it betoken renewed strife? WALTHER Do you approach us as friend or foe? SINGERS except WOLFRAM As foe?

WOLFRAM Oh, do not ask! Is this the bearing of arrogance? (to Tannhäuser) Be welcome, you valiant Singer, who have been, oh, so long absent from our midst! WALTHER Welcome, if you come in peace! BITEROLF Welcome, if you call us friends! Welcome! Welcome! We greet you! THE OTHER SINGERS except WOLFRAM Welcome! Welcome! We greet you! LANDGRAVE Be welcome then to me as well! Tell us - where have you tarried so long? TANNHÄUSER I have journeyed in far-distant realms - there where I never found response nor rest. Do not ask! I did not come hither to contend with you. Be reconciled with me and let me go on further! LANDGRAVE Not so! You have become one of us once more. WALTHER You may not go away. BITEROLF We will not let you go. LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS except BITEROLF Stay with us!

TANNHÄUSER Let me be! Delay avails me naught, and never can I stop to rest! My way bids me only hasten onward, and never may I cast a backward glance! LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS Oh, stay! You shall tarry with us, we will not let you go from us! you sought us out, why hurry away after so short a reunion? TANNHÄUSER (tearing himself free) Away, away from here! SINGERS Stay, stay by us! WOLFRAM (Stepping into Tannhäuser’s path, in a raised voice.) Stay by Elizabeth! TANNHÄUSER Elizabeth! - Oh heavenly powers, do you cry out that sweet name to me? WOLFRAM You shall not rebuke me as enemy, for that I have spoken it! (to the Landgrave) Do you permit me, sir, to be herald of his good fortune to him? LANDGRAVE Tell him of the spell he has wrought, and God grant him virtue, that he may undo it aright.

WOLFRAM When you strove with us in blithe song, sometimes victorious against our lays, anon defeated through our art, one prize there was that you alone succeeded in winning. Was it by magic or by pure might that you achieved the miracle of captivating the most virtuous of maids by your singing filled with joy and sorrow? For, when, in haughtiness, you left us, her heart closed to our song; we saw her cheeks grow pale, she ever shunned our circle. Oh, return, you valiant Singer, let not your song be far from ours. Let her no longer be absent from our festivals, let her star shine on us once more! SINGERS except WOLFRAM Be one of us, Henry, return to us! Have done with dissension and strife! Let our lays ring out in unison, and brothers let us call ourselves from henceforth. WOLFRAM Oh, return, you valiant Singer! Oh, return! Let our lays ring out in unison, and brothers let us call ourselves from henceforth. LANDGRAVE Oh, return, you valiant Singer! Have done with dissension and strife! (Deeply overcome with emotion, Tannhäuser throws himself into Wolfram’s arms, warmly greets each of the singers in turn, and bows before the Landgrave with heartfelt gratitude.)

TANNHÄUSER To her! To her! oh, lead me to her! Ha, how I recognize it again, the lovely world that I renounced! The heavens look down upon me, the meadows sparkle, richly-decked! The spring, the spring with a thousand lovely sounds has entered into my soul, rejoicing! In sweet impetuous urgency my heart cries aloud: To her, to her! Lead me to her!   (During the foregoing, the entire hunting retinue of the Landgrave, with falconers and others, gradually gathers upon the stage. The hunters sound their horns.)

LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS He, whom we had lost, has returned! A miracle has brought him hither! Glory be to the sweet power that has charmed his arrogance away! Now may the high-born lady's ear once more harken to our lays! In joyous animated tones the song goes up from every breast! (The entire valley now teems with the ever-growing hunting retinue.) (The Landgrave and the singers turn toward the hunters; the Landgrave sounds his horn, and loud blasts of horns and the barking of hounds answer him. While the Landgrave and the singers mount the horses that have been brought to them from the Wartburg, the curtain falls.)

ACT TWO

Introduction

Scene One

(The Hall of Song in the Wartburg; in the background, an open view of the courtyard and the valley.) ELISABETH Dear hall, I greet thee once again, joyfully I greet thee, beloved place! In thee his lays awake and waken me from gloomy dreams. When he departed from thee, how desolate thou didst appear to me! Peace forsook me, joy took leave of thee. How strongly now my heart is leaping; to me now thou dost appear exalted and sublime. He who thus revives both me and thee, tarries afar no more. I greet thee! I greet thee! Thou precious hall, receive my greeting! (Tannhäuser, led by Wolfram, enters with him from the staircase in the background.)

Scene Two

(Elisabeth sees Tannhäuser) WOLFRAM (to Tannhäuser) There she is; approach her without fear. (He remains in the background, leaning against the parapet.) TANNHÄUSER (throws himself at Elisabeth's feet) Oh princess! ELISABETH (in shy confusion) Heavens! Rise! Leave me! I may not see you here! (She makes a movement as if to depart.) TANNHÄUSER You may! Oh, stay and let me remain at your feet! ELISABETH (turning toward him kindly) Stand up then! You shall not kneel here, for this hall is your kingdom. Oh, rise! Receive my thanks for your return! Where did you tarry so long? TANNHÄUSER Far from here in broad and distant lands. Deep forgetfulness has descended betwixt today and yesterday. All my remembrance has vanished in a trice, and one thing only must I recall, that I never more hoped to greet you, nor ever raise my eyes to you. ELISABETH What was it then that brought you back? TANNHÄUSER It was a miracle, an unbelievably sublime miracle!

ELISABETH I praise this miracle from the bottom of my heart! (composing herself, in confusion) Forgive me if I do not know what I am about. I am in a dream, and foolish as a child, surrendered, powerless, into the power of the miracle. I scarcely know myself more; oh, help me unravel my heart's enigma! To the Singers' skilful lays I used to listen often with great pleasure. Their singing and their praise seemed to me a pleasant show. But what a strange new life your song conjured up in my breast! Now it would thrill through me like pain, now penetrate me like sudden joy. Emotions I had never experienced! Longings I had never known! That which once was dear to me vanished before a bliss nameless heretofore! And when you left us then, peace and joy were gone from me. The melodies the Singers sang appeared insipid to me, melancholy their temper. Dreaming, I experienced heavy sorrow, my waking hours became a troubled delusion, joy fled from my heart - Henry! Henry! What had you done to me?

TANNHÄUSER (enthusiastically) You must praise the god of love - he plucked the strings for me, he spoke to you in my lays - he has led me to you! ELISABETH Praised be the hour, praised be the power that has brought me such sweet tidings of your presence! Encompassed about with radiant bliss, sunshine smiles upon me; awakened to new life, I call happiness mine! TANNHÄUSER Praised be the hour, praised be the power that has brought me such sweet tidings from your lips. To the newly-perceived life I may bravely turn; aquiver with joy, I call its fairest wonder mine! WOLFRAM (in the background) Thus vanishes, for this life, my every gleam of hope! (Tannhäuser parts from Elisabeth; he goes to Wolfram, embraces him warmly, and departs with him down the staircase.) (From the balcony, Elisabeth watches Tannhäuser as he leaves.)

Scene Three

(The Landgrave enters through a side door; Elisabeth hastens toward him and buries her face against his breast.) LANDGRAVE Do I meet you here in this hall you shunned for so long? Does a festival of singing of our preparing attract you then at last? ELISABETH Uncle! Oh my kindest of fathers! LANDGRAVE Do you wish at last to open your heart to me? ELISABETH See in my eyes! I cannot speak! LANDGRAVE For a short while still, then, let your sweet secret remain unspoken; the spell remain unbroken till you are mistress of its loosing. So be it! That which his song so marvellously awoke and stimulated, he shall reveal today and crown with fulfilment. Now the gracious art will come to fruition! (Trumpets are heard from the background as if from the courtyard of the castle) The nobles of my land whom I have invited here to a rare festival are approaching now; they come more numerous than of wont, for they have heard you are to be the festival's queen.

Scene Four

KNIGHTS AND NOBLES Joyfully we greet the noble hall, where may art and peace alone linger ever, and the joyous cry long ring out: To the Prince of Thuringia, Count Hermann, hail! LADIES Joyfully we greet the noble hall, where may art and peace alone linger ever, and the joyous cry long ring out: To the Prince of Thuringia, Count Hermann, hail! (All those assembled have taken the places assigned to them, forming a great semicircle. The Landgrave and Elisabeth occupy seats of honor beneath a canopy in the foreground.) (Trumpets on the stage.) (The singers enter and solemnly bow with knightly greeting toward the assembly; then they take the seats prepared for them in the vacant center of the hall, arranged in a narrower semicircle — Tannhäuser in the middle ground to the right, Wolfram at the opposite end to the left, facing the assembly.) (The Landgrave rises.)

LANDGRAVE A great deal, much of great beauty, has been sung already here in this hall by you, esteemed Singers, in sage mysteries and gladsome songs alike you have rejoiced our hearts equally ingeniously. If our swords in battles grim and bloody did battle for the majesty of the German realm, if we withstood the furious Guelphs and averted ruinous dissension, then no less a prize was carried off by you. By your art you won for grace and gracious custom, for virtue and true belief, wholly sublime, magnificent and glorious victory. Then, prepare for us today a festival - today when the valiant Singer, whom we have grievously missed for so long, has returned to us. That which brought him back again among us, appears to me a wondrous mystery; through the art of song you shall reveal it to us. Therefore I put the question to you now: Could you fathom the true essence of love for me? To the man who can do it, to him who celebrates it most worthily in song, let Elisabeth present the prize, let him claim it, exalted and bold as he will - I will see she shall bestow it. Up, beloved Singers! Pluck the strings! The task is set! Compete for the prize and receive in advance all our thanks.   (Trumpets on the stage.) CHOIR Hail! Hail! Hail to Thuringia's Prince! Hail to the protector of the gracious art! Hail! Hail! (All sit down) (The four noble pages come forward and collect from each Singer, in a golden bowl, a small roll of paper bearing his name; they present the bowl to Elisabeth, who takes out one of the papers and hands it back to the pages. These read the name, and advance ceremoniously into the middle of the hall) FOUR PAGES Wolfram von Eschenbach, begin! (They seat themselves at the feet of the Landgrave and Elisabeth. Wolfram rises. Tannhäuser, as though falling into a reverie, leans upon his harp.)

Singing Competition

WOLFRAM When I cast my eye around this noble circle, what a sublime spectacle makes my heart glow! So many heroes, valiant, upright and judicious, a forest of proud oaks, magnificent, fresh and green. And ladies I behold, charming and virtuous, a richly-perfumed garland of lovely blooms. My glance becomes enraptured at the sight, my song mute in face of such radiant loveliness. I lift my eyes up yonder to one star which stands fast in the firmament and dazzles me: my spirit draws comfort from that distance, my soul devoutly sinks in prayer. And behold! Before me a miraculous spring appears, which my spirit glimpses, filled with wonder! From it, it draws bliss, rich in grace, through which, ineffably, it revives my heart. And never would I sully this fount, nor taint the spring in wanton mood: I would practise myself in devotion, sacrificing, gladly shed my heart's last drop of blood. You noble sirs may read in these words how I perceive the purest essence of love. (He sits down) KNIGHTS AND LADIES (with gestures of approval) Tis so! Tis so! Praised be your song! (Tannhäuser seems to awaken from a dream: his haughty mien now changes to an expression of ecstasy. He stares fixedly at nothing. A slight trembling of the hand - which has unconsciously sought the strings of the harp - and an uneasy smile indicate that a strange magic has taken possession of him. Then, as if awakened, he sweeps the harp string energetically, his whole demeanour showing that he hardly knows now where he is, and that he is especially oblivious of Elisabeth)

TANNHÄUSER Oh Wolfram, you who have sung thus, have woefully misrepresented love! If you languish so fearfully, the world would come to an end, forsooth! To praise God in the sublime and lofty distance, raise your eyes to heaven, look up to His stars! Worship is due to such marvels, for one should not aspire to touch them! But that which inclines to touch, lies near the heart and senses, that which, conceived of the selfsame stuff in softer mould, nestles to one - I do boldly approach that fount of delight with which no fear is ever mixed, for the fount is inexhaustible, as my longing is unquenchable! That my desire may ever burn I will ever refresh myself at the source! Then know, Wolfram, thus do I conceive love's truest essence to be! (General astonishment. Elisabeth torn between rapt admiration and anxious bewilderment.) (Biterolf rises quickly and angrily.)

BITEROLF Outside to fight us all! Who could remain calm, when he hears you? If it please your arrogance, then harken, now, to me, too, blasphemer! When sublime love inspires me, it tempers my weapon with courage; that it may remain forever unshamed, I would proudly shed my last drop of blood. For women's honour and highest virtue as a knight I wield my sword; but that which indulgence offers your youth is cheap and not worth a blow. KNIGHTS AND LADIES (with tumultuous applause) Hail, Biterolf! Here are our swords! TANNHÄUSER (springing up with ever-increasing vehemence) Ha, foolish boaster Biterolf! Do you sing of love, you grim wolf!? It's certain you cannot have meant that which seems fraught with delight to me! Poor thing! What, then, have you enjoyed? Your life has not been rich in love and that which gave rise to pleasure in you is truly not worth a blow! KNIGHTS (in the greatest agitation) Don't let him finish! Put a stop to his audacity! LANDGRAVE (to Biterolf, who has drawn his sword) Sheathe your sword! Keep the peace, you Singers!

WOLFRAM (He rises; as soon as he begins to speak, complete silence is immediately restored.) Now, oh heaven, be moved by my entreaty! Grant my song the gift of divine inspiration! Let me see sin banished from this noble and unpolluted circle! To thee, sublime love, that hast penetrated in angelic beauty deep into my heart, may my song ring out inspired! Thou dost approach like a messenger of God, I follow thee from the fair distance - thou leadest thus into the lands where thy star ever shineth. TANNHÄUSER (He springs up, in utter ecstasy.) To thee, goddess of love, shall my song ring out! Now let thy praise be sung aloud by me! Thy honeyed fascination is fount of all beauty, and every sweet wonder stems from thee! That man who has held thee locked in passionate embrace, knows what love is, and he alone. Poor creatures, who have never enjoyed her love, fare hence, fare hence into the Venusberg!   (General uproar and horror.) LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS Ha, the villain! Fly from him! Hear it! He has been in the Venusberg! KNIGHTS AND LADIES Ha, the villain! Fly from him! Hear it! He was in the Venusberg! Away! Away out of his presence! (All the women leave the hall in the greatest alarm and with gestures of abhorrence. Elisabeth, who has listened to the contest of the singers with growing anxiety, alone remains behind among the women — pale, sustaining herself upright against one of the wooden pillars of the canopy only by the utmost effort of her strength. — The Landgrave, all the knights, and the singers have risen from their seats and gather together. — Tannhäuser, at the far left, remains for some time as though in rapture.)

LANDGRAVE. SINGERS. KNIGHTS You heard it! His wicked lips have made horrible confession of his sin. He has shared in hellish delights, he has sojourned in the Venusberg! Frightful! Revolting! Damnable! Steep your swords in his blood! Sent back to the bottomless pit, let him be condemned, let him be banished! (All press upon Tannhäuser with drawn swords, while he assumes a defiant stance; Elisabeth rushes between them.) ELISABETH Hold!   (All pause in the greatest consternation.) LANDGRAVE. SINGERS. KNIGHTS What do I hear? What's this? What do I see? Elizabeth! The chaste maid siding with the sinner! ELISABETH (shielding Tannhäuser with her body) Back! I take no heed else of death! What is the wound dealt by your swords to the death blow I received from him! LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS Elisabeth! What am I obliged to hear? How can your heart allow you to be so infatuated, as to exorcise punishment from the man who has so shamefully betrayed you? KNIGHTS Elisabeth! How can you be so infatuated, as to exorcise punishment from the man who has so shamefully betrayed you? ELISABETH What do I matter? But he - his salvation! Would you rob him of his eternal salvation? LANDGRAVE. SINGERS. KNIGHTS He has cast away his every hope, never will he win salvation! The curse of heaven has fallen upon him, (They press upon Tannhäuser again.) let him go hence in his sin!

ELISABETH Away from him! You are not his judges! Inhuman wretches, throw your furious swords from you and give heed to the pure maid's words! Learn from me what is God's will! Why should the unhappy man, whom a fearful mighty magic holds captive, not attain salvation through repentance and atonement in this world? Do you who are so strong in true belief thus misconstrue the counsel of the Highest? If you would rob a sinner of hope, then say, what harm has he done you? Behold me, the maid whom he destroyed with one swift blow in the flower of her youth, who loved him deep in her soul, and whose heart he pierced, exulting! I pray for him, I pray for his life, may he turn his step penitently towards atonement! May the spirit of faith be granted him anew since for him, too, the Saviour suffered once! TANNHÄUSER (Gradually descending from the height of his agitation and defiance, and profoundly moved by Elisabeth’s plea on his behalf, he collapses in remorse.) Woe, woe is me, unhappy mortal!

LANDGRAVE AND SINGERS (gradually becoming calm and moved) An angel has descended from the shining firmament to make God's holy counsel known. See there, you infamous betrayer, acknowledge your misdeed! You dealt her death, she begs for your life - Who could remain stern when he hears the angel's prayer? Though I may not forgive the culprit yet I cannot oppose heaven's command.

KNIGHTS See there! See there, you infamous betrayer! Look upon her! You dealt her death, she begs for your life - Who could remain stern when he hears the angel's prayer? Though I may not forgive the culprit yet I cannot oppose heaven's command.

TANNHÄUSER To lead the sinner to salvation God's messenger drew near me! But, oh, to touch her wantonly I raised my dissolute gaze to her! Oh Thou, high above this land of earth, Who sent the angel of my salvation to me, have mercy on me who, oh, so deep in sin, shamefully failed to recognize heaven's mediator! Have mercy on me! Have mercy on me! Oh, have mercy on me! ELISABETH I pray for him, I pray for his life! May the spirit of faith be granted him anew since for him, too, the Saviour suffered once!   (The Landgrave solemnly steps into the center.) LANDGRAVE A fearful wrong has been committed. With dissembling mask, the accursed son of sin came crawling to us. We cast you out from among us: with us you may not tarry; our hearth is stained with shame through you, and heaven itself looks threateningly upon this roof, which has sheltered you too long already. However, a way to deliverance from eternal damnation stands open before you: rejecting you, I point it out to you. Make use of it for your salvation! Gathered together on my lands is a great concourse of pilgrim penitents. The older ones have gone on before already, the younger are still resting in the valley. Trifling though their transgressions be, their hearts will give them no rest; to still the devout distress of repentance they are marching towards Rome for the feast of grace. LANDGRAVE. SINGERS. KNIGHTS You must go along with them on pilgrimage to the city of clemency and grace, in the dust there to fall prostrate and atone for your sin! Before him who pronounces the sentence of God, cast yourself down; but nevermore return, if you do not receive his blessing! Though our anger has been forced to soften, because an angel checked it, this sword will despatch you, if you linger in sin and disgrace!

ELISABETH Let him journey to thee, Thou God of clemency and grace! Forgive him, who has fallen so low, the guilt of his sin! For him only will I pray, may my life be prayer; grant that he may see Thy light, before he is lost in night! In joyful trepidation, let a sacrifice be dedicated to Thee! Take, oh, take my life: I no longer call it mine! TANNHÄUSER How shall I find pardon? How atone for my guilt? My salvation I have seen vanish, heaven's favour flies from me. Yet I will travel repentant, beat my breast, fall prostrate in the dust - contrition be my chosen lot. Oh, that the angel of my hour of need who, though so insolently mocked by me, yet offered herself for me as sacrifice might be reconciled with me! YOUNGER PILGRIMS (in the background, deep-toned, as though echoing up from the valley) At the sublime festival of clemency and grace. I will atone for my sin in humility. Blessed is he who truly believes! He shall be saved through penitence and repentance. (All have involuntarily subdued their gestures; Elisabeth, as though once more to protect Tannhäuser, had placed herself before those pressing forward again. She now directs their attention to the promising song of the young pilgrims. — Tannhäuser suddenly ceases his movements of passionate remorse and listens to the singing.)

TANNHÄUSER (throws himself with convulsive impetuosity at Elisabeth's feet, kisses precipitately and ardently the hem of her garment, and then rises in the utmost agitation) To Rome! ALL (calling after him:) To Rome! (The curtain falls)

ACT THREE

Introduction

TANNHÄUSER'S PILGRIMAGE (The curtain rises. The valley before the Wartburg, with the Hörselberg to the left, as at the close of the first act, but in autumnal coloring. The day is drawing toward evening. Upon the small rocky ledge to the right, Elisabeth lies prostrate in prayer before the image of the Virgin Mary. Wolfram descends from the wooded height on the left; halfway down he pauses when he catches sight of Elisabeth.)

Scene One

WOLFRAM I knew full well I'd find her here in prayer, as I so often find her, when, down from the wooded heights, I stray in the valley alone. The death he dealt her buried deep in her heart in searing smart, she prays for his salvation day and night - oh, eternal might of holy love! She awaits the return of the pilgrims from Rome. The leaves are falling already, their return is imminent. Will he come back with the pardoned? This is her question, this is her prayer - You Saints in heaven, may she see it consummated! Though the wound remain unhealed, oh, that relief, at least, might be granted her! (As he is about to descend farther into the valley, he hears the singing of the pilgrims and stops.)

THE OLDER PILGRIMS (approaching the stage slowly from a great distance) Blest, I may now look on thee, oh, my native land, and gladly greet thy pleasant pastures; now I lay my pilgrim's staff aside to rest, because, faithful to God, I have completed my pilgrimage! ELISABETH (She rises, listening to the singing.) That is their song! It is they! They are returning home! You saints in heaven, show me now my task, that I may fulfil it worthily! WOLFRAM It is the pilgrims. - It is the pious lay that tells of the salvation of pardon received! Oh heaven, strengthen now her heart to meet the crucial moment of her life! THE OLDER PILGRIMS (gradually drawing nearer to the stage) Through penance and repentance I have propitiated the Lord, Whom my heart serves, Who crowns my repentance with blessing, the Lord to Whom my song goes up! (Here the pilgrims enter the stage from the right foreground.) The salvation of pardon is granted the penitent, in days to come he will walk in the peace of the blessed! (During what follows, they slowly pass by the rocky ledge and proceed along the valley toward the background.) Hell and death do not appal him, therefore will I praise God my life long. (By this point, the pilgrims have already turned toward the background, gradually moving farther away.) Alleluia! Alleluia in eternity!

ELISABETH (who, from her elevated position, has searched among the passing pilgrims for Tannhäuser with great agitation, now speaks in sorrowful yet calm composure) He has not returned! PILGRIMS (During what follows, they move ever farther away and finally disappear through the opening of the valley to the right.) Blest, I may now look on thee, oh, my native land, and gladly greet thy pleasant pastures; now I lay my pilgrim's staff aside to rest. (The Pilgrims' voices die away little by little in the distance)

ELISABETH (sinking to her knees with great solemnity) Almighty Virgin, hear my prayer! I cry to thee, All-glorious! Let me perish in the dust before thee, oh, take me from this earth! Make me, pure and angel-like, enter into my blessed realm! If ever, engrossed in foolish fancies, my heart did stray from thee, if ever a sinful longing, a worldly yearning did spring up within me, I wrestled then beneath a thousand smarts, to kill it in my heart! But if I could not atone for every fault - yet receive me of thy grace, that, as a worthy maid, I may draw near thee in humble greeting, only to implore the richest favour of thy mercy for his sin! (She remains for a long time in devout rapture; as she rises slowly she perceives Wolfram, who is approaching to speak to her) (She entreats him, by a gesture, not to speak to her)

WOLFRAM Elisabeth, might I not bear you company? (Elisabeth assures him, by her gestures, that she thanks him from her heart for his faithful affection, but that her path leads to heaven, where she has a lofty duty to fulfil; he must therefore let her go alone and must not follow her) (She ascends half-way up the height and gradually disappears along the footpath leading to the Wartburg, after her form has long been visible in the distance) (Wolfram, who has followed Elisabeth with his eyes, seats himself down and begins to play upon his harp)

Scene Two

WOLFRAM Like a presentiment of death, twilight covers the land and shrouds the valley in sombre raiment; the soul that yearns for heaven's heights is fearful before its flight through night and horror. There thou shinest, oh loveliest of stars! Thy sweet light thou dost send into the far-off distance, thy dear beam pierces the evening twilight, and, in friendly fashion, thou dost point the way out of the valley. Oh thou, my gracious evening star, how gladly have I always greeted thee; from a heart that she never betrayed salute her as she passes by thee, as she soars from this earthly vale, to become a blessed angel yonder.   (He remains, continuing to play upon the harp with his gaze lifted toward heaven.)

Scene Three

(Night has completely fallen. Tannhäuser enters; he wears tattered pilgrim’s clothing, his face pale and disfigured. He staggers forward with weary steps, leaning upon his staff.) TANNHÄUSER (in a weary voice) I heard the strains of a harp - how melancholy it sounded - It surely did not come from her! WOLFRAM Who are you, pilgrim, that you journey all alone? TANNHÄUSER Who am I? I know you, however, very well! - you are Wolfram, (mockingly) the Singer of great skill! WOLFRAM (starting up violently) Henry! Is it you? What brings you to these parts? Tell me! Do you dare, still unpardoned, to turn your step hitherward?

TANNHÄUSER Never fear, my good Singer, I do not seek to join you, nor your kindred! (with eerie lustfulness) But I seek someone who will show me the way which once I found so wondrous easily. WOLFRAM And which way is that? TANNHÄUSER The way to the Venusberg! WOLFRAM Dreadful man! Do not profane my ear! Are you drawn to that? TANNHÄUSER (softly) Do you know the way, then? WOLFRAM Madman! Horror seizes upon me, when I hear you! Where have you been? Did you then not tread the road to Rome? TANNHÄUSER (furiously) Speak not of Rome to me! WOLFRAM Were you not at the holy feast? TANNHÄUSER Speak not of it to me! WOLFRAM You weren't there, then? Speak, I implore you! TANNHÄUSER (as though recollecting himself, with bitter anguish) Indeed I was in Rome!

WOLFRAM Then speak! Tell me about it, unhappy man! I feel profound pity for you!   (Tannhäuser gazes at Wolfram for a long time with moved astonishment.) TANNHÄUSER (slowly) What do you say, Wolfram? Are you then not my enemy? WOLFRAM Nor ever was, whilst I believed you devout! Speak, therefore, did you go on pilgrimage to Rome? TANNHÄUSER Well then! Listen! You shall hear all, Wolfram. (Exhausted, he sinks down at the foot of the rocky ledge; Wolfram also wishes to sit down beside him.) Keep away! The place where I rest me is accursed! (Wolfram remains standing a short distance before Tannhäuser.)

Hear me, Wolfram, hear me! With such devotion in my heart as no penitent has ever felt before, I sought the path to Rome. An angel had, oh, wrenched the sinful pride from out my arrogant being; for her I wished to expiate my fault in humility, implore the salvation that was denied me, in order to sweeten for her the tears she had once shed over me, a sinner! The manner in which the heaviest-laden pilgrim beside me took his way appeared to me too easy. When his foot trod the soft sward of the meadows, I sought thorn and stone for my bare feet; when at the spring he would allow his lips to taste refreshment,

I would imbibe the scorching glow of the sun; when he devoutly offered up his prayers to heaven, I would shed my blood to the glory of the Almighty; when the weary pilgrim would refresh himself at the hospice, I would bed down my limbs in snow and ice. With eyes fast shut, their beauty not to see, I dragged myself, blind, through Italy's fair pastures, I did it, because, filled with remorse, I wished to atone, in order to sweeten my angel's tears! I came thus to Rome, to the holy see, lay prostrate, praying, at the threshold to the sanctuary. Day dawned; bells rang out, heavenly anthems came floating down, then rose exultantly in a fervent shout of joy, for they promised pardon and salvation to the multitude. Then I saw him through whom God proclaims himself - all men prostrated themselves before him in the dust. And he bestowed grace on thousands, pardoned thousands, commanded them joyfully to rise. Then I, too, drew near - my head bowed down to earth - with sorely grieving mien, myself I accused of the sinful delights my senses had experienced, of the longings no penance had yet cooled; and for deliverance from the searing bonds, shot through with savage pain, I implored him.

And he whom I so begged began: - "If you have enjoyed such sinful delights and enflamed your passions at the fires of hell, if you have sojourned in the Venusberg, then, now from henceforth, you are eternally damned! As this staff in my hand no longer bedecks itself in fresh green, so from the burning brands of hell deliverance can never blossom for you!" Then I sank, annihilated, speechless, to the ground; I fainted clean away. When I woke, night brooded over the deserted square, from afar off echoed glad songs of grace: the sweet singing sickened me! From the false sound of promise which, icy-cold, pierced my soul, shuddering horror forced me away with wildly staggering step!

It drove me there where I had enjoyed so much delight and pleasure on her warm breast! (with ghastly exaltation) To you, dame Venus, do I return, into thy magic's sweet night; to your court do I descend, where your alluring charm will smile upon me now for always!

WOLFRAM Hold! Hold, unhappy man! TANNHÄUSER Oh, let me not seek in vain! How easily did I find you once! WOLFRAM Hold, wretched man! TANNHÄUSER You hear men curse me; guide me now, sweet goddess! (Dark night; light mists gradually veil the scene.) WOLFRAM (shudders with horror) Madman, whom do you call? TANNHÄUSER Ha! Do you not feel gentle airs? WOLFRAM Come to me! You are lost! TANNHÄUSER And do you not breathe sweet perfumes? (The mists begin to glow with rosy light) Do you not hear sounds of rejoicing? WOLFRAM My heart beats madly in dread!

TANNHÄUSER (growing ever more agitated as the enchantment draws nearer) It is the dancing horde of nymphs! Come on, come here to rapture and delight! (A confused whirl of dancing shapes can be faintly distinguished) WOLFRAM Alas, evil magic is abroad! Hell is approaching in wild career. TANNHÄUSER Rapture thrills my every sense, when I perceive this glimmering dawn; this is the magic realm of love - (beside himself) we have forced our way into the Venusberg! (Venus appears, reclining seductively upon her couch) VENUS Welcome fickle man! Did the world strike you with ostracism and excommunication? And, finding nowhere pity, do you now seek love in my arms?

TANNHÄUSER Dame Venus, oh, truly merciful, to you, to you am I driven! WOLFRAM Magic of hell, turn aside, withdraw! Do not bewitch the chaste man's senses! VENUS If you approach my threshold once again, let your arrogance be pardoned, the fount of delight flow for ever for you, and never must you fly from me more! TANNHÄUSER (tearing himself away from Wolfram with wild determination) My salvation, my salvation I have lost, now let the pleasures of hell be my choice!

WOLFRAM Almighty God, stand by the devout man! (He restrains Tannhäuser once more.) Henry! One word, it will set you free! Your salvation! VENUS (with growing anxiety) Oh, come! Oh, come! Now be for ever mine! TANNHÄUSER (to Wolfram) Have done! Let me be! WOLFRAM You may yet achieve salvation, sinner!   (Tannhäuser and Wolfram struggle violently.) VENUS Oh, come! TANNHÄUSER Never. Wolfram, never! I must away there! WOLFRAM An angel prayed for you upon earth, soon she will soar above you, blessing; VENUS Come, oh, come! To me! To me! TANNHÄUSER Leave me! WOLFRAM Elisabeth! TANNHÄUSER (having just torn himself free, suddenly stands as though rooted to the spot) Elisabeth! (The vapours darken and the gleam of approaching torches shines through them) WALTHER, HEINRICH DER SCHREIBER, BITEROLF, REINMAR, MEN Hail to the soul that is now fled from the pious martyr's body! WOLFRAM (with sublime emotion) Your angel is praying for you at the throne of God, she has been heard: - Henry, you are saved!

VENUS (already out of sight) Lost to me, alas! (She sinks from sight. The mists vanish completely. Dawn breaks. — From the Wartburg, a funeral procession with torches descends into the depths of the valley.)

WALTHER, HEINRICH DER SCHREIBER, BITEROLF, REINMAR, MEN Hers is now the angel's blessed recompense, the supreme prize of celestial bliss! WOLFRAM (gently holding Tannhäuser in his embrace) And do you hear the chant? TANNHÄUSER I do! (The funeral procession now reaches the open stage. It comprises, first, the Older Pilgrims, then the Singers bearing Elisabeth's body on an open bier, then the Landgrave, his Knights and Nobles)

MEN Holy the pure maid who now united with the heavenly host, stands in the presence of the Everlasting! (Here Wolfram makes a gesture which moves the singers, when they recognize Tannhäuser, to set down the bier.) Blessed the sinner for whom she wept, for whom she implores salvation of heaven! (Wolfram leads Tannhäuser to the bier bearing Elisabeth's body. He sinks slowly to the ground) TANNHÄUSER Holy Elisabeth, pray for me! (He dies. — All lower their torches to the ground and thereby extinguish them. The glow of dawn fully illumines the scene.)

YOUNGER PILGRIMS (proceeding along the front rocky ledge and carrying in their midst a priest’s staff newly covered with green leaves) Hail! Hail! Hail to the miracle of mercy! Redemption is conferred upon the world. It came to pass in the holy hour of night, the Lord manifested Himself in a miracle. The barren staff in a priest's hand He decked with fresh green: for the sinner in the fires of hell redemption shall blossom thus afresh! Throughout all lands let it be proclaimed to him who has found forgiveness by this miracle! High above all the world is God, and His Mercy is no mockery! WALTHER, HEINRICH DER SCHREIBER, WOLFRAM, BITEROLF, REINMAR, LANDGRAVE, KNIGHTS AND OLDER PILGRIMS (all deeply moved) The salvation of grace is the penitent's reward, now he attains the peace of the blessed! YOUNGER PILGRIMS Alleluia! Alleluia! Alleluia! (The curtain falls)